Smart Agriculture System

Agriculture plays a significant role in economic development in many countries. Even though Sri Lanka is a fertile tropical country with the capacity to cultivate and process a wide range of crops, challenges such as productivity and profitability are limiting the growth of the sector. Climate changes, freshwater shortage, and pollution will render conventional agriculture unsustainable. With the advancement of technology and the rapid increase in population, there is a high demand for massive agricultural production. As a result, the control farming concept was introduced. Controlled environment agriculture is provided by the smart farming system.

1.Water Tank Level Management:

1. Monitors the water level in the tank using a water level sensor.
2. Activates a pump to refill the tank when the water level is low.
3. Automatically stops the pump when the tank is full, preventing overflow.

2.Automated Irrigation System

1. Uses water level sensor to detect when the soil is dry.
2. Automatically waters the plants when moisture levels are low.
3. Prevents water wastage by ensuring that plants are only watered when necessary

1. Water Level Sensor
2. BC 547 Transistors
3. 680 µF Electrolytic Capacitor
4. Mini Water Pump
5. Mini Water Tube
6. 555 Timer
7. 1N4007 Diode
8. 12V SPDT Relay
9. Resistors : 1k,1M, 330, 560
10. LEDs
11. Connectors

As shown in the above circuit, it gives the information about this particular water level controller.

It consist of BC 548 Transistor, NE555 IC timer, Relay, IN4007 Diode, Motor and a Tank which can be used fill the water.

Input 9v-12v is given from Battery/power supply to the project starts working.

1. We know the property of 555 timer IC, i.e. its output goes HIGH when voltage at the second pin(trigger pin) is less than 1/3 Vcc .Also we can reset back the IC by applying a LOW voltage at the 4th pin (Reset pin).In this project 3 wires are dipped in water tank.

1. Let us define two water levels- Bottom (Low)level and Top (Up) level. One of the wire or probe is from Vcc. The probe from bottom level is connected to the trigger (2nd) pin of 555 IC. So the voltage at2nd pin is Vcc when it is covered by water. When water level goes down, the 2nd pin gets disconnected(untouched) from water. Voltage at the trigger pin becomes less than Vcc.

1. Then the output of 555 becomes high. The output of 555 is fed to a BC548 transistor, it energizes the relay coil and the water pumpset is turned ON. While the water level rises, the top level probe is covered by water and the transistor becomes ON.

1. Its collector voltage goes to Vce(sat) =0.2.The low voltage at the 4th pin resets the IC. So the output of 555 becomes 0V. Hence the m otor will turn OFF automatically.

1. For simple demonstration of this project you can use a DC motor directly at the output of 555instead of relay. For practical implementation, you must use a relay. Rating of relay is chosen according to the load (Motor).

The main advantage of this water level controller circuit is that it automatically controls the water pump without any user interaction. The heart of this pump controller circuit is a NE 555 IC; here we have manipulated the flipflop inside the 555 timer IC. Our project consists of two water level sensors, one fixed at the top and other at the bottom. Working of this circuit is almost similar to a bi stable multivibrator.

As shown in the above circuit, it gives the information about this particular Automated Irrigation System.

It consist of BC 547 Transistor, Water Level sensor , LEDs, Electrolytic Capacitor, Mini Water Pump, and a Water Tube.

Input 9v-12v is given from Battery/power supply to the project starts working.

1. If the water pump is turned ON for a very short duration it might trigger the motor more often. So, to solve this issue we are utilizing the simplest timer circuit known as RC Timer. Depending on the value of resistor and capacitor we can make the time delay of up to a few seconds.

T = CR

1. Transistor Q1 is used to discharge the capacitor whenever the HIGH signal is received from Water Level Sensor.

1. Then Capacitor will store electrical energy and when it charges to a specific voltage, it will creates a signal.

1. To operate the Q7 transistor, a small voltage/ current need to be applied to the base terminal.

1. When the capacitor discharges it sends this triggering voltage/current to the Q7 transistors base.

1. When the base of the Q7 transistor receives enough voltage, it becomes "forward biased". This allows current to flow from the collector to the Emitter, effectively "Turning ON" the transistor.

1. Here Q7 transistor act as a inverter. This inverts the inputs signals.

HIGH Input to LOW Output

LOW Input to HIGH Output

1. Water Level Sensor provides LOW signal for dryness. So we can use Q7 transistor to drive the motor.

1. Water Level Indicator circuit is very useful to indicate the water levels in a tank. Whenever tank gets filled , we get alerts on particular levels. Here we have created 3 levels.

1. When water level reaches to low level, circuit with Q2 gets completed and LED glows. Same goes with other water levels(Medium and TOP).

1. Here we are using transistor as a switch. Initially there is no voltage applied to the base of the transistor Q2 and the transistor is in OFF state. When the water level reaches to low water level, the positive side of the battery gets connected to the base of the Q2 through the water. So transistor gets in to ON state and current starts flowing from collector to emitter and LED glows.

According to the complete circuit , PCB was designed as mentioned above. And it was made in LAB.

The Smart Agriculture System represents a significant leap forward in modern farming by combining technology and sustainability. It addresses key challenges like water scarcity, inefficient resource management, and the growing demand for higher agricultural productivity. With features like automated irrigation and water tank level management, this system ensures precise resource utilization, reducing waste and improving efficiency.

The integration of components such as water level sensors, BC 547 transistors, NE 555 timer ICs, and RC timer circuits creates a reliable and cost-effective solution. These technologies automate essential tasks, including monitoring soil moisture, controlling water pumps, and indicating water levels, minimizing the need for manual intervention. This not only saves time and labor but also enhances the overall productivity of farming operations.

Furthermore, the system’s ability to adapt to different scales of farming makes it a versatile tool for small and large agricultural operations. By focusing on sustainability, the Smart Agriculture System promotes environmental conservation, ensuring that farming practices remain viable in the face of climate change and resource depletion.

In conclusion, this project highlights the potential of technology to transform agriculture, making it smarter, more efficient, and environmentally friendly. It is a promising step toward addressing the global challenges of food security and sustainable development.