DIY Wireless Door Sensor Using ESP8266 + NRF24L01 || Home Automation Security System ||

by Madhan Kumar Chiruguri in Circuits > Wireless

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DIY Wireless Door Sensor Using ESP8266 + NRF24L01 || Home Automation Security System ||

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Looking for a simple yet effective home security solution? This DIY Wireless Door Sensor project enables you to monitor doors remotely and receive alerts whenever they open or close. The project uses an ESP8266 microcontroller and an NRF24L01 wireless module to transmit data, offering a cost-effective and reliable home security solution.

In this tutorial, you will learn how to set up the circuit, required components, and the code to build this smart home automation project.







Features

✅ Wireless communication using NRF24L01

✅ Low-power ESP8266 module for IoT applications

✅ Alerts via buzzer and LED indicators

✅ Expandable to multiple doors

✅ Ideal for DIY home automation and security

Supplies

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Components Required

  1. ESP8266
  2. NRF24L01
  3. Magnetic Door Sensor
  4. Buzzer
  5. LED
  6. Resistors
  7. Jumper Wires
  8. 12V Power Adapter



You can get all the components from JLCMC.

1️⃣ Interfacing NRF24L01 With ESP8266 (Door Sensor Unit)

1. DoorSensorThumbnail.jpg

The NRF24L01 is a wireless communication module used to transmit the door sensor data to Hub.

Connections:

  1. CE - D2( GPIO4)
  2. CSN - D1(GPIO5)
  3. SCK - D6(GPIO12)
  4. MOSI - D7(GPIO13)
  5. MISO - D8(GPIO15)


2️⃣ Interfacing LED With ESP8266

2. DoorSensorThumbnail.jpg

The LED is used as a status indicator for the door sensor.

Connections:

  1. Led - D0(GPIO16)


3️⃣ Interfacing Button With ESP8266

3. DoorSensorThumbnail.jpg

A push button is used to reset(boot) or restart the ESP8266. When pressed, it connects GPIO2 (D4) to GND, triggering a reset.

Connections:

  1. Button - D4(GPIO2)


4️⃣ Interfacing Door Sensor With ESP8266 🚪🔍

4. DoorSensorThumbnail.jpg

The magnetic door sensor detects whether the door is open or closed by sending a signal to the ESP8266.

Connections:

  1. Door Sensor - A0(GPIO ADC0)


5️⃣ Interfacing DC Power Jack

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For powering the ESP8266, a DC Jack (7v - 12V ) can be used with a Voltage Regulator.


The circuit consists of:

Transmitter (Door Sensor Unit): ESP8266 reads the door sensor status and sends data wirelessly via NRF24L01.

Receiver (Base Station): Arduino Uno receives data, controls an LED and buzzer, for real-time monitoring.


Receiver (Arduino Uno) - Base Station

NRF24L01Arduino UNO

  1. VCC - 3.3V
  2. GND - GND
  3. CE - D9
  4. CSN - D10
  5. SCK - D13
  6. MOSI - D11
  7. MISO - D12
  8. Buzzer - D7
  9. LED - A2

🔹 Code for Transmitter (ESP8266 - Door Sensor)

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/**
* Project: ESP8266 Wireless Door Sensor using NRF24L01
* Author: Madhan Chiruguri
* Date: March 11, 2025
* Description: This project uses an ESP8266 to monitor a door sensor and transmit the status
* wirelessly using an NRF24L01 module. A button press triggers a software reset.
*/

#include<spi.h>
#include<nrf24l01.h>
#include<rf24.h>

// Define RF24 radio module pins (CE, CSN) for ESP8266
RF24 radio(4, 5);
const byte address[6] = "10001"; // NRF24L01 communication address

// Define pin assignments
#define DOOR_SENSOR A0 // Analog input for the door sensor
#define DOOR_STATUS_LED 16 // LED to indicate door status
#define BUTTON 2 // Button input pin for triggering reset

// Structure to hold the data packet for transmission
struct data {
uint8_t nodeId; // Unique ID of the transmitting node
uint8_t nodeState; // Node status (1 = Active)
uint8_t doorState; // Door status (1 = Open, 0 = Closed)
};

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
Serial.println("\nInitializing...");
NRF24_Init(); // Initialize NRF24L01 module

pinMode(DOOR_STATUS_LED, OUTPUT); // Set LED as output
pinMode(BUTTON, INPUT_PULLUP); // Use internal pull-up resistor for button
}

void loop() {
int buttonValue = !digitalRead(BUTTON); // Read button state (active low)
int sensorValue = analogRead(DOOR_SENSOR); // Read door sensor value

// If button is pressed, perform a software reset
if (buttonValue == 1) {
Serial.println("Button Pressed! Restarting...");
ESP.restart(); // Restart ESP8266
}

// Determine door state based on sensor value threshold
int doorOpenState = (sensorValue > 700) ? 1 : 0;
digitalWrite(DOOR_STATUS_LED, doorOpenState); // Update LED status

// Prepare data packet
struct data sendData = {1, 1, doorOpenState};

// Send data with retry mechanism (max 3 attempts)
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
if (radio.write(&sendData, sizeof(sendData))) {
Serial.print("Sent: ID:");
Serial.print(sendData.nodeId);
Serial.print(", State:");
Serial.print(sendData.nodeState);
Serial.print(", Door:");
Serial.println(sendData.doorState);
break; // Transmission successful, exit loop
} else {
Serial.println("Transmission Failed! Retrying...");
delay(500); // Wait before retrying
}
}

yield(); // Prevent watchdog reset by allowing background tasks
delay(500); // Delay to control loop execution speed
}

// Function to initialize the NRF24L01 module
void NRF24_Init() {
if (!radio.begin()) {
Serial.println("NRF24L01 Initialization Failed!");
return;
}
radio.openWritingPipe(address); // Set communication address
radio.setPALevel(RF24_PA_LOW); // Set power level for stability
radio.setRetries(5, 15); // Set retry attempts and delay
// radio.setDataRate(RF24_250KBPS); // Uncomment to slow down SPI for stability
radio.stopListening(); // Set as transmitter
Serial.println("NRF24L01 Initialized Successfully!");
}

🔹 Code for Receiver (Arduino- Base Station)

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#include<spi.h>
#include<nrf24l01.h>
#include<rf24.h>

RF24 radio(9, 10); // CE, CSN
const byte address[6] = "10001";
#define BUZZER 7
#define DOOR_STATUS_LED A2
#define NODE_STATUS

// Define data structure
struct data {
uint8_t nodeId;
uint8_t nodeState;
uint8_t doorState;
};

unsigned long previousMillis = 0;
bool buzzerState = false;

// bool wasDisconnected = false; // Flag to track disconnection state

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
Serial.println("\nInitializing...");

pinMode(DOOR_STATUS_LED, OUTPUT);
pinMode(BUZZER, OUTPUT);
NRF24_Init();
}

void loop() {
if (radio.available()) {
struct data receiveData;
radio.read(&receiveData, sizeof(receiveData));

Serial.print("ID: ");
Serial.print(receiveData.nodeId);
Serial.print(", Status: ");
Serial.print(receiveData.nodeState);
Serial.print(", Door: ");
Serial.println(receiveData.doorState);

digitalWrite(DOOR_STATUS_LED, receiveData.doorState);
// digitalWrite(BUZZER, receiveData.doorState == 1 ? HIGH : LOW);
buzzer(receiveData.doorState, 100);
}
}

void NRF24_Init() {
if (!radio.begin()) {
Serial.println("❌ NRF24L01 Initialization Failed!");
return;
}
radio.openReadingPipe(1, address);
radio.setPALevel(RF24_PA_MIN);
radio.startListening();
Serial.println("✅ NRF24L01 Initialized Successfully!");
}

void buzzer(int signal, int delayTime) {
if (signal == 1) {
if (millis() - previousMillis >= delayTime) {
previousMillis = millis();
buzzerState = !buzzerState;
digitalWrite(BUZZER, buzzerState);
}
} else {
digitalWrite(BUZZER, LOW);
}
}

🔹 How It Works

1️⃣ The door sensor detects when the door is opened or closed.

2️⃣ The ESP8266 transmitter reads the sensor data and sends it wirelessly via NRF24L01.

3️⃣ The Arduino UNO receiver receives the data and activates the LED and buzzer accordingly.

4️⃣ If the door is opened, the buzzer beeps as an alert.

5️⃣ You can expand this project by integrating it with a mobile app or home automation system.

🔹 Applications

✅ Home Security – Monitor your doors remotely.

✅ Smart Automation – Connect with IoT platforms.

✅ Warehouse Monitoring – Secure storage spaces.

✅ Access Control – Track entry and exit activity.

🔹 Conclusion

This DIY Wireless Door Sensor project is an affordable and effective way to enhance home security. With ESP8266 + NRF24L01, you can monitor doors and receive alerts in real time. This project can be further expanded with IoT platforms like Blynk, MQTT, or Home Assistant for remote monitoring.

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