Bottle Radio
Have you ever wondered about using an object for music instead of an ordinary radio? Now you can with the Bottle Radio! The Bottle Radio uses only the energy of the radio waves sent by radio transmitters. It has very few parts, and needs no batteries or other power source. For the radio wave catcher, large pieces of metal can be used that readily pass electricity. Things that pass electricity well are called conductors. We use electric forces in the radio waves to send electric currents which move back and forth in the wires, which also make good conductors. The wires connect the radio to the antenna. These radio transmitters send out enormous amounts of energy, that make the bottle radio one of the cheapest ways to listen to music.
Materials
47kΩ Resistor
Speaker Wire (antenna)
Mini Amplifier
NTE109 Germanium Diode
Crystal earphone, High Impedance
glass bottle (empty)
150-grit sandpaper, small piece
wood, various, to hold bottle, wiper, and components
coat hanger wire, or other stiff wire
copper ground spike, from hardware store
#8 Insulated Ring Terminal, 16-pack, for 22-gauge wire
screws and washers, various
Lacquer, clear spray or brushable
3.5mm audio cable, for mini amplifier
Clear tape
PVC Tape
150pf ceramic capacitor
Magnet wire
Drill
Pliers
Screwdriver
Wire cutters
Speaker Wire (antenna)
Mini Amplifier
NTE109 Germanium Diode
Crystal earphone, High Impedance
glass bottle (empty)
150-grit sandpaper, small piece
wood, various, to hold bottle, wiper, and components
coat hanger wire, or other stiff wire
copper ground spike, from hardware store
#8 Insulated Ring Terminal, 16-pack, for 22-gauge wire
screws and washers, various
Lacquer, clear spray or brushable
3.5mm audio cable, for mini amplifier
Clear tape
PVC Tape
150pf ceramic capacitor
Magnet wire
Drill
Pliers
Screwdriver
Wire cutters
Winding the Coil
Step #1: Winding the coil.
Unsurprisingly, the first thing we'll need is a bottle. I'm using a brown glass bottle. Remove the label and rinse it clean.
Next, we need one of our three spools of magnet wire. Here we'll be using the red 30-gauge wire.
When winding a coil, it's intuitive to wind "hand over bottle," but this introduces a twist in the wire, something we don't want. A better way to wind a twist-less coil is to put the spool of wire on some kind of spindle and rotate the bottle slowly. Start by sticking down the free end with tape (start at the bottom of the bottle, leaving around 6" of lead wire for connecting later).
Be careful of the wire. You don't want it to "cross over" itself while winding. Try to keep a constant tension and apply tape as needed to save your position as you wind. You want to make the coils as smooth and closely packed as possible.
Once complete (using the whole spool) you should have something that looks like image 2 (leave about 8-10" of lead wire at the top, for connecting later). Next we will sandpaper the wire, but before that, apply fast drying sprayable lacquer or shellac (if available) to hold the wire in position. If you don't, you risk loosening the wire when you sandpaper the wire. The lacquer will hold it all together. Also, don't use too much, otherwise you risk waiting over an hour for it to dry.
The last step is to take a small piece of 150 grit sandpaper, and carefully sand off the red coating in a vertical line (image 3), then gently sand the ends of the wire to expose the copper.
you to amplify just the frequencies we require.
Unsurprisingly, the first thing we'll need is a bottle. I'm using a brown glass bottle. Remove the label and rinse it clean.
Next, we need one of our three spools of magnet wire. Here we'll be using the red 30-gauge wire.
When winding a coil, it's intuitive to wind "hand over bottle," but this introduces a twist in the wire, something we don't want. A better way to wind a twist-less coil is to put the spool of wire on some kind of spindle and rotate the bottle slowly. Start by sticking down the free end with tape (start at the bottom of the bottle, leaving around 6" of lead wire for connecting later).
Be careful of the wire. You don't want it to "cross over" itself while winding. Try to keep a constant tension and apply tape as needed to save your position as you wind. You want to make the coils as smooth and closely packed as possible.
Once complete (using the whole spool) you should have something that looks like image 2 (leave about 8-10" of lead wire at the top, for connecting later). Next we will sandpaper the wire, but before that, apply fast drying sprayable lacquer or shellac (if available) to hold the wire in position. If you don't, you risk loosening the wire when you sandpaper the wire. The lacquer will hold it all together. Also, don't use too much, otherwise you risk waiting over an hour for it to dry.
The last step is to take a small piece of 150 grit sandpaper, and carefully sand off the red coating in a vertical line (image 3), then gently sand the ends of the wire to expose the copper.
you to amplify just the frequencies we require.
Building the Receiver
Step #2: Building the receiver.
Next we need a simple wooden base to hold our components. Scrap wood works fine for this project - feel free to paint or decorate your base as you please. Position the wooden blocks so that the two diagonal pieces (first photo, right) cradle the bottle and position the wiper stand (see info below) so that the wiper will touch the coil on the bottle when it's in the cradle. See the final set-up in the second image. Now we'll start making our connections!
One way to connect the wires is to use Fahnstock clips - if you can't find any of these then screws and washers will work too.
In the picture I've placed 5 connection points, labelled A,B,C,D, and E.
In addition, I have created a "wiper" from some coat hanger wire that I cut and bent into shape. Attach some electrical insulating tape to the free end to make tuning a little easier (this is so you can hold and move the wiper without causing interference).
Place the bottle and hook up the top coil lead to A and the bottom coil lead to B. Make sure the wiper is in contact with the sanded-away copper track we created in the first step.
Later, moving the wiper up and down will effect the tuning of the coil.
We will now hook up our diode, capacitor, resistor and earphone as follows: The 150pF cap can either go across A and B, or A and the wiper (I eventually settled on between A and the wiper - see step 3, image 3 for detail). The 47kΩ resistor goes across C and D, as does the earphone. The germanium diode goes acros
Next we need a simple wooden base to hold our components. Scrap wood works fine for this project - feel free to paint or decorate your base as you please. Position the wooden blocks so that the two diagonal pieces (first photo, right) cradle the bottle and position the wiper stand (see info below) so that the wiper will touch the coil on the bottle when it's in the cradle. See the final set-up in the second image. Now we'll start making our connections!
One way to connect the wires is to use Fahnstock clips - if you can't find any of these then screws and washers will work too.
In the picture I've placed 5 connection points, labelled A,B,C,D, and E.
In addition, I have created a "wiper" from some coat hanger wire that I cut and bent into shape. Attach some electrical insulating tape to the free end to make tuning a little easier (this is so you can hold and move the wiper without causing interference).
Place the bottle and hook up the top coil lead to A and the bottom coil lead to B. Make sure the wiper is in contact with the sanded-away copper track we created in the first step.
Later, moving the wiper up and down will effect the tuning of the coil.
We will now hook up our diode, capacitor, resistor and earphone as follows: The 150pF cap can either go across A and B, or A and the wiper (I eventually settled on between A and the wiper - see step 3, image 3 for detail). The 47kΩ resistor goes across C and D, as does the earphone. The germanium diode goes acros
Creating an Antenna
Step #3: Creating an antenna.
You need two things for a crystal radio to work well. One is a good ground connection, and the other is a good antenna (having an AM radio station close by also helps!)
For the ground connection, I'm going to use the copper ground spike I installed for Tesla coiling - you can buy one of these from any hardware store. Alternatively you can use a piece of copper pipe.
Steve's Top Tip: Connect a hose pipe to one end of the copper pipe, turn on the water, and the pipe will slide into the ground with the minimum of fuss.
For the antenna, connect 24-gauge speaker wire to A. You should put the antenna as high into the air as you can - and try to get it away from any buildings. Additionally, keep it insulated from the ground as much as possible. Here the antenna is run up a wall - but putting it outside will really help.
The antenna will connect to A, and ground to B (I found out you could also simply touch B with your finger to provide ground, once the final two wires are installed).
Finally hook up the following: a single piece of hookup wire (black in my image) from B to C; and if you haven't already, a wire (red in my image) from the wiper to E.
You're done! You can now listen to the earphone while tuning the radio by moving the slider (don't forget to press B with your finger, or have a ground wire installed). The output is quite low, so you'll have to listen in a quiet room, or hook up the RadioShack mini amplifier for a bigger sound ( if you use the mini-amp, splice a 3.5mm audio cable to connections C & D). This will work, but if it didn't, do not despair, because next I'll show a couple of modifications that should help.
You need two things for a crystal radio to work well. One is a good ground connection, and the other is a good antenna (having an AM radio station close by also helps!)
For the ground connection, I'm going to use the copper ground spike I installed for Tesla coiling - you can buy one of these from any hardware store. Alternatively you can use a piece of copper pipe.
Steve's Top Tip: Connect a hose pipe to one end of the copper pipe, turn on the water, and the pipe will slide into the ground with the minimum of fuss.
For the antenna, connect 24-gauge speaker wire to A. You should put the antenna as high into the air as you can - and try to get it away from any buildings. Additionally, keep it insulated from the ground as much as possible. Here the antenna is run up a wall - but putting it outside will really help.
The antenna will connect to A, and ground to B (I found out you could also simply touch B with your finger to provide ground, once the final two wires are installed).
Finally hook up the following: a single piece of hookup wire (black in my image) from B to C; and if you haven't already, a wire (red in my image) from the wiper to E.
You're done! You can now listen to the earphone while tuning the radio by moving the slider (don't forget to press B with your finger, or have a ground wire installed). The output is quite low, so you'll have to listen in a quiet room, or hook up the RadioShack mini amplifier for a bigger sound ( if you use the mini-amp, splice a 3.5mm audio cable to connections C & D). This will work, but if it didn't, do not despair, because next I'll show a couple of modifications that should help.
Mod #1: Amplified Loop Antenna
Step #4: Mod #1: Amplified loop antenna
There are two ways to detect a radio signal, either by sensing the electric field with an antenna or by sensing the magnetic field using a loop.
Cut two pieces of plywood and glue them together to make a 2' X-shape. Then wrap 14-18 turns of wire around the outer corners as shown. This is our loop antenna.
If you can find a variable capacitor from an old radio, or from a radio ham store, even better. This will make a resonant coil. Just wire the capacitor in parallel with the loop antenna you made.
Connect the output of the loop antenna to A and B on our receiver
Still not enough signal? OK, let's build an amplifier!
There are two ways to detect a radio signal, either by sensing the electric field with an antenna or by sensing the magnetic field using a loop.
Cut two pieces of plywood and glue them together to make a 2' X-shape. Then wrap 14-18 turns of wire around the outer corners as shown. This is our loop antenna.
If you can find a variable capacitor from an old radio, or from a radio ham store, even better. This will make a resonant coil. Just wire the capacitor in parallel with the loop antenna you made.
Connect the output of the loop antenna to A and B on our receiver
Still not enough signal? OK, let's build an amplifier!
Mod #2: RF Amplifier(Maybe)
Step #5: Mod #2: RF amplifier.
This circuit uses a 9V battery to pull in additional signal for our crystal radio. Unfortunately, it breaks the "no battery" rule, but if you live in an area with low signals, it might be the only option for getting the radio to work.
You can find details on making this amplifier here.
Make up the circuit board using the etch mask as shown and connect the output from our resonant loop antenna to the input, and then connect the output to the A and B terminals on the radio.
Turning the 1KΩ pot will change the bias point of the resistor and help
This circuit uses a 9V battery to pull in additional signal for our crystal radio. Unfortunately, it breaks the "no battery" rule, but if you live in an area with low signals, it might be the only option for getting the radio to work.
You can find details on making this amplifier here.
Make up the circuit board using the etch mask as shown and connect the output from our resonant loop antenna to the input, and then connect the output to the A and B terminals on the radio.
Turning the 1KΩ pot will change the bias point of the resistor and help